… Counselors and therapists may be employed by any number of business entities (e.g., nonprofit organizations, sole proprietorships, professional corporations, partnerships). Sometimes the employer requires, as a condition of employment, that the practitioner sign a written employment contract that contains a clause that seeks to limit the post-employment activities of the employee. Usually, these clauses attempt to limit or prevent a departing practitioner from competing with the employer’s business by specifying that the employee shall not conduct his or her practice in a specified geographic location for a specified period of time following departure. Sometimes these clauses contain provisions prohibiting the departing practitioner from seeing clients of the employer or from contacting other employees in an effort to recruit them to the new business of the departing practitioner. Generally, such clauses are referred to as non-compete clauses or employee non-competition agreements.

I have reviewed many non-compete clauses for mental health practitioners practicing in California. The question usually asked is whether such a clause is enforceable in court. Sometimes the question is asked prior to the signing of such an agreement, but most of the time the question is asked after the practitioner has worked for the employer for some period of time and prior to (or upon) termination of the employment. While each case is different, I have typically pointed out that the courts in California are generally reluctant to enforce such clauses. The broader the prohibition or limitation in the clause, both in terms of the time period involved and the geographic sweep, the more likely it is that a California court would not enforce such a clause. 

A recent (2008) California Supreme Court decision states: “this court generally condemns non-competition agreements.”  The Court was interpreting a California statute governing this subject matter that has been in effect for over 130 years. The statute essentially provides that “every contract by which anyone is restrained from engaging in a lawful profession, trade, or business of any kind is to that extent void.” The Court also stated that this section of law, together with various prior court decisions interpreting its language, establishes “a settled legislative policy in favor of open competition and employee mobility.” This recent California Supreme Court decision also states that the section of law “protects the important legal right of persons to engage in business and occupations of their choosing.”

The Supreme Court noted that other states permit non-compete provisions provided that they are reasonably imposed. In fact, prior to this recent California Supreme Court decision, California did allow for non-compete agreements that were constructed in a narrow way – that is, the agreement did not reach too far in terms of its geographic breadth and the amount of time the non-compete clause would last was reasonable. While there are some unanswered questions and a few statutory exceptions (e.g., in a dissolution of a partnership, non-compete clauses are permissible) to the general rule, and while it may still be possible for an employer to draft an agreement that will pass legal muster, it is clear that California law strongly disfavors non-compete agreements. Other states may not have a similar bias.

Non-compete clauses contained in employment contracts in the other forty-nine states may or may not be enforceable in court by the employer, but likely, such agreements or non-compete clauses will need to be narrowly drawn and reasonable in their reach. It is important to point out that this is a rather nuanced area of the law and that each state will either have a governing statute or a body of case law, or both, that addresses the subject. Employees in all states, when faced with signing an employment agreement containing a non-compete clause, may want to consult with a lawyer to determine whether the agreement is lawful and enforceable by the employer. Sometimes the prospective employee will be reluctant to confront the employer about the clause because he or she wants the job and doesn’t want to make waves. In that case, the practitioner may choose to accept employment despite the presence of an overly broad and restrictive non-compete clause because he or she has been advised that the clause is likely unenforceable. This situation can then be addressed upon termination of the employment.

As indicated above, the employee may decide that it is better to address the issue upon termination of the employment relationship, which might last for a number of years. If the agreement is determined to be valid and enforceable, the therapist or counselor will probably abide by the agreement that he or she signed, so it is important to understand the full breadth of the non-compete clause at the beginning of the relationship. If the agreement is later determined to be invalid and unenforceable, then the employee can leave the employment (giving whatever notice is required) and commence employment for some other entity or become self employed, even if such action may violate one or more aspects of the non-compete clause. Of course, consultation with a lawyer is advisable since the aggrieved employer may decide to take the matter to court. In most of these disputes, these matters do not get to court, although the employer often threatens a lawsuit.

The therapist or counselor who signs such an agreement will usually contend that he or she signed the contract because he or she needed a job and that negotiating with the prospective employer prior to signing the agreement may alert or concern the employer about the therapist’s future intentions. While most practitioners choose to take the offered employment without making the clause an issue, some may attempt to resolve the issue before employment. In the latter case, the opportunity for employment may be compromised. An employer may be reluctant to hire someone who asks for an opportunity to consult his or her own attorney about the clause or someone who seeks to negotiate the language of the non-compete clause. Even more problematic are situations where the employer asks the employee to sign a non-compete agreement after employment has begun. The employee may feel that if he or she doesn’t sign, the employer will be displeased. In many of these situations, the employee will feel forced to sign. These post-employment non-compete agreements that are signed under some duress, especially those where no additional benefits are provided to the employee, are more likely to be unenforceable.